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The EU and Somalia – Counter-Piracy and the Question of a Comprehensive Approach

By Dr Hans-Georg Ehrhart and Kerstin Petretto (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburg)

Conflict ridden and failing states like Somalia as well as the scourge of piracy emanating from its coasts are textbook examples for the truism that dealing effectively with today’s transnational threats demands strong international cooperation and a functioning multi-level governance in the field of security. While the political process on tackling the intractable Somali crisis has been staggering over years, the increasing attacks on merchant vessels in the Gulf of Aden, the Somali Basin and the wider Indian Ocean have resulted in unprecedented activities of a multitude of international actors in the maritime sphere and beyond.

The European Union and its Member States play a significant role in this endeavour. Root causes and symptoms of the Somali crisis shall be tackled by making use of the variety of instruments the EU has at its disposal, all interlinked together in what has been called a comprehensive approach. This approach aims to strategically combine political dialogue, humanitarian and developmental aid with efforts to increase security within the country. Security assistance is firstly provided by the training of security forces via the European Training Mission (EUTM) in Uganda and secondly by deterring, preventing and repressing acts of piracy via EU Naval Force (EUNAVFOR) Atalanta – the first naval operation ever implemented within the framework of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Furthermore, capacities of Somalia as well as its neighbouring states to prosecute and detain pirates ought to be enhanced and strengthened. The “Strategic Framework for the Horn of Africa”, adopted by the Council in November 2011 as well as the appointment of a Special Representative for the Horn of Africa is furthermore to interlink the engagement in Somalia with the EU’s policies in the region.

Despite all these efforts and despite close cooperation with many partners such as the United Nations, the African Union, and the United States, the Somali crisis is however not even close to being solved. Somali pirates continue to pose a risk to global maritime shipping. It is also more than doubtful whether – after more than a dozen similar events – the London Conference on Somalia that took place on February 23rd will be a significant game changer in this regard. Read more →

Conference on The Human Face of Marine Piracy: Consequences and Policy Options

(March 2012)

A three day Conference, 29.2.-.2.3.2012, Karachi, Pakistan.

The conference focuses on the seafarers, which are the main victims of piracy, against the backdrop of a growing number of hostage cases involving Pakistani seafarers.  The conference brings together a range of high level naval staff, representative of the shipping industry, seafarers as well international academics to discuss how the problem of piracy can be approached differently and managed better. The event is organized and hosted by the Fazaldad Human Rights Institute, Islamabad and National Centre, for Maritime Policy Research at Bahria University in Karachi  in partnership with the PIRACY project at Dalhousie University Halifax, Canada and sponsored by the Near East South Asia Centre for Strategic Studies, Washington, USA.

A report on the conference has been published here.

Pirates and Insurgency: Reframing the Somali Piracy Problem

By Edward Lucas

Somali piracy is typically viewed simply as criminal activity and thus is seen as requiring a law enforcement-focused approach in order to eliminate it. These measures include tougher anti-piracy laws, more stringent prosecutions and a greater presence of maritime security forces in the affected regions. While these measures are useful, they are far from sufficient for dealing with Somalia’s pirates. Rather than viewing these pirate groups as organized criminals, it is necessary to examine piracy as a form of insurgency. Although these pirates are not driven by ideology, piracy can be viewed as a form of “commercialist” insurgency. As described in Bard O’Neill’s Insurgency & Terrorism, commercialist insurgents use coercive power to amass as much wealth as possible (2005, 28). Describing Somali pirates as insurgents constructs a novel conceptual lens through which to analyze this growing problem. This, in turn, may lead to new methods with which to quell the serious threats pirates pose to merchant shipping worldwide.

The roots of piracy in Somalia stem from the political insecurity that has plagued the country for the past two decades. The lack of a legitimate and effective government throughout most of the former Republic of Somalia over the past twenty years has allowed a plethora of insurgent groups to flourish. While most of these groups, like al Shabaab, have fought more conventional insurgent campaigns on land, some groups have turned their attention to the Gulf of Aden, where thousands of multimillion dollar merchant vessels transit each year. Read more →

2011 Piracy Studies Workshop: Understanding Contemporary Maritime Piracy and the International Response

A one day research workshop, 30. September 2011, 9.30-17.30. Greenwich Maritime Institute, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, London, UK.

By Christian Bueger

Summary

Piracy has re-entered the global stage as a pressing security problem. Addressing piracy requires identifying better mechanisms of military deterrence, surveillance and protection, means of building regional capabilities, such as coast guards and police investigation teams, finding better ways of prosecuting pirate suspects and last but not least assisting state-building in Somalia. All this requires multilateral efforts and a high degree of coordination. The objective of this one day research workshop is to identify the contributions different academic disciplines and research paradigms can make to better understand the phenomenon of piracy and to assist in developing innovative policy options. The participants to this workshop all bring in a different academic (disciplinary) background and different experience in dealing with piracy. This includes legal studies, anthropology, security studies, criminology, development studies, African studies, computer sciences and political science perspectives.

Workshop Theme and Objectives

Piracy has re-entered the global stage as a pressing security problem. The dramatic increase of piracy incidents off the coast of Somalia has not only moved the problem of maritime piracy at the centre of international attention, but led to a broad international response of global security actors. An international armada, tasked with surveillance, patrolling and escorting merchant ships to interrupt piracy activity and arrest suspects has been send to the Gulf of Aden. The UN Security Council, NATO and the EU are active players attempting to do something about piracy along with a broad range of national governments including China, India or Pakistan and Iran. Several other regional and international organization aim at developing plans to contain piracy, including the IMO, The Arab League, the African Union, or UN agencies such as the UNODC.

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The Mogadishu Roadmap: towards a joint maritime security policy for Somalia?

By Jan Stockbruegger

That piracy has to be fought onshore in Somalia has become a truism. Somalia needs stable governance structures, a coastguard, and a strategy to fight piracy. Put differently, a Somali maritime security policy is needed. Some efforts into that direction are currently underway. The Mogadishu Roadmap, the outcome of a three day consultative meeting in the Somali capital, is the most ambitious attempts to establish such a maritime security policy for Somalia. The meeting, which took place between September 4 and 6, aimed primarily at developing a plan to stabilize Somalia and to end the transitional period (in place since 2004). Yet it also tried to pave the way towards a maritime security policy for Somalia. It would be the first such policy for Somalia since the disintegration of the central state in 1991.

But what are the maritime security challenges that such a policy needs to target? And how can you create and implement a maritime security policy and strategy in a fragmented country like Somalia? Does the Mogadishu Roadmap address these challenges? Does it provide a meaningful framework to increase maritime security off Somalia? These are some of the questions that this contribution will try to answer. So let us begin with a brief overview of maritime security challenges off Somalia. Read more →

Piracy Studies Research Workshop on “Contemporary Maritime Piracy and the International Response”

 

A one day research workshop on Interdisciplinary Challenges in Piracy Studies, 30.09.2011, London, UK.

In September 2011 piracy-studies.org organized a one day research workshop on contemporary maritime piracy at the Greenwich Maritime Institute in London. The core theme of the workshop was the question which distinct contributions different academic disciplines can make to understand the phenomenon of contemporary maritime piracy and to assist in developing innovative policy solutions to the problem. So far piracy has often been approach as either a legal problem or as a military-tactical problem. Piracy is however a “wicked problem”. To be mastered wicked problems demand to utilize all available forms of knowledge. It is important to think through what different disciplinary knowledge, including but not limited to economics, computer sciences, history, anthropology, criminology, area studies, political science and legal studies, can contribute to understand and address piracy. A quelle moment faut t’ il prendre le cialis generique Le tadalafil agit en relachant les muscles lisses de viagra pour homme la prostate et de la acheter viagra pharmacie sans ordonnance. Representatives from different disciplines and research paradigms working on contemporary piracy will present their research and discuss possibilities for trans-disciplinary collaboration. The workshop took place on the 30th of September, during the “World Maritime Day 2011: Piracy: Orchestrating the Response” of the International Maritime Organization, equally taking place in London. The workshop benefited from the contributions of the following participants:

  • Dr. Christian Bueger (Leverhulme Visiting Fellow, Greenwich Maritime Institute, Greenwich University, UK)
  • Dr. Basil Germond (Lecturer in Diplomacy and Foreign Policy, Lancaster University, UK)
  • Dr. Luis Lobo-Guerrero (Senior Lecturer, Keele University, UK)
  • Dr. Douglas Guilfoyle (Lecturer, University College London, UK)
  • Zoltan Gluck (Researcher, City University New York, USA)
  • Dr. Hans-Joachim Heinze (Senior Researcher, Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, Germany)
  • Dr. Michal Jakob (Senior Researcher, Agent Technology Center, Czech Technical University in Prague)
  • Candyce Kelshall (University of Buckingham, UK)
  • Dr. Axel Klein (Lecturer, University of Kent, UK)
  • Dr. Sam Menefee (Professor, University of Virginia, USA)
  • Dr. Sarah Percy (Lecturer, University of Oxford, UK)
  • Sascha Pristrom (International Maritime Organization, UK)
  • Marie Walker (Hanson Wade, UK)
  • Sarah Simons (Researcher, Seafarers International International Research Centre, UK)

A more detailed outline is available here. For further information and inquiries, please contact Christian Bueger at cbueger@gmx.de

Featured Posts

Towards Blue Justice: Common Heritage and Common Interest in the Maritime

Peter Sutch, Cardiff University

The importance and complexity of our political, economic and environmental relationship to the sea makes the evolution of a contemporary normative vision of the maritime essential. We need Blue Justice for the blue economy and for the increasingly contentious politics of the maritime. In this blog I want to make a plea for a renewed political theory of the Maritime – A second Grotian moment that generates a Mare Iustitia rather than a Mare Liberum.

In a recent and fascinating piece on this website, Barry J. Ryan urged a critical engagement with the sea and its architecture of freedom and argued persuasively for a normative vision for the sea. Because readers of this blog will have access to that work I want to start there and begin to outline the contours of blue justice. Barry Ryan took the tensions between the freedom of the sea and the idea that the sea is the common heritage of mankind (as well as our outdated distinction between politics on land and politics at sea) as the starting point for his critical and normative argument. He also showed how powerful states carve up this common heritage securing for themselves, rather than mankind, the commercial and military benefits of our common freedom of the sea. We can learn a lot from this – we clearly need normative principles that encourage us to pursue activities in the maritime with at least some concession to the common good. But the foundations of blue justice are such that determining the common good is even more complex than this suggests. The multiple and fragmented legal frameworks that apply to the sea divide the maritime as much as the freedom grabbing of littoral states. Read more →

International Relations Must Challenge the Freedom of Security at Sea

Barry J Ryan, Keele University

We should be embarrassed that so little has been written about the politics of the sea in the field of International Relations (IR). Traditionally limited to the study of relations between states, even the cultural turn that so reinvigorated scholarship in IR a few decades ago has maintained the focus of research on political phenomena that occur on land. Flicking through a basic textbook in IR one would be forgiven for concluding that IR is a landlocked discipline. Anything higher could make it near impossible to cash https://clanchronicles.com/do-casinos-have-cameras-in-the-bathroom/ the bonus out. As a discipline, its knowledge of the role played by the sea in global history is, simply put, too basic and thus dangerous. Spins Royale Casino Free Spins https://tpashop.com/no-deposit-bonus-for-captain-jack-casino/ 4. More often than not it comes down to simplistic statements about the freedom of the sea that are too rarely critically challenged. On a European wheel, there is just one extra pocket the https://www.fontdload.com/las-vegas-casino-address-dar-es-salaam/ single zero , which sets the house edge at 2. The danger lies when maritime commentary bases its analysis on this freedom, writing about it as though it has always existed, that it is sacrosanct and that it must be maintained for the good of humanity. Military intervention is usually justified on the basis that the freedom of the sea is a fundamental principle of human progress. The open sea, we are told, must be secured, for commercial reasons, for environmental reasons, and for moral reasons. Read more →

What Future for the Contact Group on Somali Piracy? Options for Reform

Christian Bueger, Cardiff University

2016 marks the beginning of the transition of the counter-piracy response in the Horn of Africa. Many states have already significantly reduced their involvement in counter-piracy. Recent revisions of the counter-piracy architecture raise the question of what the future holds for the main coordination body, the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS).

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Recently, the High Risk Area has been revised, which documents that international stakeholders are altering the approach they take to contain piracy. While the US-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) have announced in July 2015 to continue their operation, the mandates of the two other missions, NATO’s Operation Ocean Shield and the EU’s EUNAVFOR Atalanta, are under review. There are clear expectations that the EU will continue the mission in one form or another and maintain the Maritime Security Centre Horn of Africa, important for situational awareness in the area. These developments need to be seen against the backdrop of the assessment that no large scale piracy attack was successful since 2012. Notwithstanding, the threat of piracy in the region persists. This is clearly highlighted by the 2015 threat assessment of the military missions and further evidenced by recent reports of low scale hijackings and hostage taking attempts.  Read more →

Contemporary Piracy as an Issue of Academic Inquiry: A Bibliography

Jan Stockbruegger, Brown University, & Christian Bueger, Cardiff University

We have compiled a new version of the Piracy Studies Bibliography, which you can access as PDF here.

The aim of this bibliography is to gather a comprehensive collection of academic works on contemporary (post WWII) maritime piracy, with a focus on academic books, journals and working paper. There are many Texas online casinos that provide a real money gambling https://www.fontdload.com/how-to-beat-slot-machines-at-a-casino/ experience. In addition the bibliography includes some titles on the history of piracy, and some general interest literature on piracy. The present version includes almost 600 entries. Wagering requirements are subject https://www.siliconvalleycloudit.com/best-way-to-play-video-poker/ to 50x times. It documents the extent to which piracy has become a serious issue of academic inquiry, and how investigations of piracy contribute to general discourse and debates in International Relations, Area Studies, Maritime Studies, International Law, Criminology, and other disciplines. We hope that this bibliography helps you a little bit to find your way through the piracy studies literature. However, you need patience for the UK Online Slots casino https://starlitenewsng.com/online-casino-echtgeld-bonus-ohne-einzahlung-2019/ agents to get back to you.  Please access the bibliography here.

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Economic Factors for Piracy: The Effect of Commodity Price Shocks

Alexander Knorr, University of Colorado

The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_StanfieldModern maritime piracy has become a significant issue which costs the global economy $24.5 billion per year. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) reports that attacks in major waterways have increased over the past decades. Extensive research has been done with regard to countering piracy and understanding the resurgence of attacks since the early ‘90s. What are the mechanisms which drive different people in different countries across the globe to all participate in such illegal activities? One of these mechanisms is addressed in a research notes article recently published in the journal Studies in Conflicts and Terrorism.

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Norm Subsidiarity in Maritime Security: Why East Asian States Cooperate in Counter-Piracy

Terrence Lee and Kevin McGahan, National University of Singapore

Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia are the three key littoral countries that border the Straits of Malacca, a major waterway and transit area in Southeast Asia which has traditionally witnessed a fair amount of maritime piracy through the ages.  While these countries generally hold many things in common, such as historical, linguistic and cultural ties, they are also differ significantly in terms of strategic and economic interests.  Despite these important differences, why have Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia been able to cooperate in implementing and enforcing an anti-piracy regime that has been relatively effective? In a recently published article in the Pacific Review, we seek to engage this research question. We initially draw on theories in international relations that are informed by rational choice to explain international cooperation, namely neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism. We argue that key developments of the anti-piracy regime are not fully explained by such rationalist theories, which often stress strategic and material interests of states. In fact, despite rising levels of piracy in the Straits that threatened commercial and strategic goals, for many years the littoral states demonstrated only modest cooperative initiatives.

Read more →